Top 10 Plumbers in Framingham, MA

Porch Pro Headshot Feliciano's Construction Co. & Handyman Services
Plumbers
Serves Framingham, Massachusetts
(81)
"Our handyman was on time and up front with the cost. Very knowledgeable, polite, professionalism overall. All my questions were answered. I was very pleased and will definitely call them again if necessary."
"Our handyman was on time and up front with the cost. Very knowledgeable, polite, professionalism overall. All my questions were answered. I was very pleased and will definitely call them again if necessary."
Porch Pro Headshot Mark Tango Plumbing Inc
Plumbers
Serves Framingham, Massachusetts
(84)
At Mark Tango Plumbing, we have been solving clients' plumbing issues in Boston's North Shore for over 25 years. We are a full service, licensed Massachusetts plumbing company. Our experienced Boston plumbers provide expert plumbing services, drain cleaning services, bathroom remodeling, kitchen rem...Read more about Mark Tango Plumbing Inc
At Mark Tango Plumbing, we have been solving clients' plumbing issues in Boston's North Shore for over 25 years. We are a full service, licensed Massachusetts plumbing company. Our experienced Boston plumbers provide expert plumbing services, drain cleaning services, bathroom remodeling, kitchen rem...Read more about Mark Tango Plumbing Inc
Porch Pro Headshot JBL Drain Specialist
Plumbers
Serves Framingham, Massachusetts
(72)
At JBL Drain Specialist in Framingham, we offer full drain related plumbing services. This includes installs, services, repairs, renovations, remodels, drain snaking, jetting, replacements and excavating. Services: Rooter Services, Indoor drain clearing, outdoor drain clearing, Tree root removal, S...Read more about JBL Drain Specialist
At JBL Drain Specialist in Framingham, we offer full drain related plumbing services. This includes installs, services, repairs, renovations, remodels, drain snaking, jetting, replacements and excavating. Services: Rooter Services, Indoor drain clearing, outdoor drain clearing, Tree root removal, S...Read more about JBL Drain Specialist
Porch Pro Headshot Patriot's Plumbing & Heating
Plumbers
Serves Framingham, Massachusetts
(7)
"This company was professional right from the start. I got a call immediately after submitting the form. I called the Monday after Christmas and they came that day for the quote. It was priced reasonable. They started the next day. The plumbers were on time despite snow the night before, were f...Read more about Patriot's Plumbing & Heating
"This company was professional right from the start. I got a call immediately after submitting the form. I called the Monday after Christmas and they came that day for the quote. It was priced reasonable. They started the next day. The plumbers were on time despite snow the night before, were f...Read more about Patriot's Plumbing & Heating
Porch Pro Headshot PI PIPER INC
Plumbers
Serves Framingham, Massachusetts
(43)
PLUMBING * HIGH EFFICIENCY HEATING * GAS FITTING CONTRACTOR PROMPT RESPONSE TO ALL OF YOUR RESIDENTIAL & COMMERCIAL PLUMBING, HEATING & GAS FITTING NEEDS ATTENTION TO DETAIL & COMPETITIVE RATES SERVING FRAMINGHAM & SURROUNDING AREA 24 HR EMERGENCY SERVICE CALL 508-405-0911
PLUMBING * HIGH EFFICIENCY HEATING * GAS FITTING CONTRACTOR PROMPT RESPONSE TO ALL OF YOUR RESIDENTIAL & COMMERCIAL PLUMBING, HEATING & GAS FITTING NEEDS ATTENTION TO DETAIL & COMPETITIVE RATES SERVING FRAMINGHAM & SURROUNDING AREA 24 HR EMERGENCY SERVICE CALL 508-405-0911
Porch Pro Headshot Waterworks Mechanical Inc.
Plumbers
Serves Framingham, Massachusetts
(28)
Waterworks Mechanical Inc offers plumbing, heating, gas fitting services, and drain cleaning services to residential clients. The company can take care of all your plumbing needs. We install new water heaters, heating boilers & gas fitting. Also bathroom & kitchen plumbing installs. This team is...Read more about Waterworks Mechanical Inc.
Waterworks Mechanical Inc offers plumbing, heating, gas fitting services, and drain cleaning services to residential clients. The company can take care of all your plumbing needs. We install new water heaters, heating boilers & gas fitting. Also bathroom & kitchen plumbing installs. This team is...Read more about Waterworks Mechanical Inc.
Porch Pro Headshot Q&C BUILDING SERVICES
Plumbers
Serves Framingham, Massachusetts
(21)
Q&C Building Services is a fully insured comprehensive handyman, maintenance and janitorial service company, we are a family owned and operated business that has been providing professional services for residential and all types of businesses. All of the services Q&C Building Services provides ar...Read more about Q&C BUILDING SERVICES
Q&C Building Services is a fully insured comprehensive handyman, maintenance and janitorial service company, we are a family owned and operated business that has been providing professional services for residential and all types of businesses. All of the services Q&C Building Services provides ar...Read more about Q&C BUILDING SERVICES
Porch Pro Headshot Loewen Plumbing & Heating Inc
Plumbers
Serves Framingham, Massachusetts
(13)
Loewen Plumbing & Heating is an HVAC company in Plainville. They provide water heater inspection, gas appliance connection, HVAC repair and more.
Loewen Plumbing & Heating is an HVAC company in Plainville. They provide water heater inspection, gas appliance connection, HVAC repair and more.
Porch Pro Headshot John Daly Plumbing
Plumbers
Serves Framingham, Massachusetts
(2)
I have been in the industry since 1988. These days I work mostly for homeowners. I work alone and all work is done strictly by me. i carry most any part for household repair and very seldom have to go for parts.If i do there is no charge for time I am gone.
I have been in the industry since 1988. These days I work mostly for homeowners. I work alone and all work is done strictly by me. i carry most any part for household repair and very seldom have to go for parts.If i do there is no charge for time I am gone.
Porch Pro Headshot Wayne's Plumbing
Plumbers
Serves Framingham, Massachusetts
Wayne's Plumbing is a plumbing contractor based out of Burlington, MA. They offer services including, but not limited to: *Remodels *Kitchens *Disposals *Bathrooms *Water Heaters *New construction No job too small. Meticulous work. 30+ years experience. Free estimates. Licensed and Insured
Wayne's Plumbing is a plumbing contractor based out of Burlington, MA. They offer services including, but not limited to: *Remodels *Kitchens *Disposals *Bathrooms *Water Heaters *New construction No job too small. Meticulous work. 30+ years experience. Free estimates. Licensed and Insured

Frequently asked questions about plumbers

Plumbing is a skilled trade that deals with installing or repairing systems and components that move liquids throughout a home or place of business.

Depending on the job, plumbers typically install, repair, or maintain various pipes and fittings, drainage systems, and fixtures. They work closely with general contractors, electricians, and other construction professionals during new home construction or home renovations. Plumbers must be able to follow building plans and blueprints, and they must be able to diagnose and fix a wide range of plumbing issues and emergencies. They also perform routine inspections of plumbing and drainage systems. Plumbing contractors also prepare bids and provide customer cost estimates while keeping an accurate record of the work performed and the materials used.

There may be several reasons that you need to contact a local plumber, including:

  • The installation of new faucets, showers, tubs, and toilets
  • Repairing a leaky toilet or leaking/burst pipes
  • Replacing cracked or clogged sewage pipes
  • Water heater repair or replacement
  • Upgrading old or existing plumbing pipes throughout the home
  • Installing appliances that use water like dishwashers and washing machines
  • Fixing faulty garbage disposals
  • Unclogging sinks or drains
  • Helping to assess and repair gas leaks

When looking for local plumbers, it’s always best to ask for an estimate from at least three companies. This will give you a better idea of how much you can expect to pay for the job. You can also ask friends and family members for referrals or go online to read customer reviews. If you’re dealing with an emergency, make sure that the plumbers near you offer these services and can assist you after hours.

There are several ways you can find a reliable, high-quality local plumber. Use Porch.com to find handyman services for over 1,100 different types of home projects, including plumbing. We’ll connect you with independent pros that can help you with any job, large or small.Here are some tips to help you find a reliable local plumber in your area:

Always read reviews of several plumbers before you make a decision. Most customers will happily post a review of their experience online, whether it’s positive or negative. Reading reviews is a great way to get a clear picture of the skills and abilities of plumbing contractors, their customer service, and how well the service matches the price.

Make sure that you get a clear, written estimate of the work before you hire a plumber. The estimate should include both material and labor costs. Remember that an estimate is just that – an estimated cost, and your total cost could be higher or lower depending on the outcome.

Ensure that your plumber is fully licensed for the job. Most states have specific licensing requirements for plumbers, so check to ensure that the plumber near you has a state-issued license and is current and up to date. Professional plumbers must typically also have between one to three years of experience as journeyman plumbers.

There are several red flags when searching for plumbers near you. Always avoid unlicensed and uninsured plumbing contractors. Plumbers who show up without tools or don’t have the right tools for the job is another red flag. If a plumber provides you with a quick estimate over the phone without physically looking at the issue, you may want to reconsider.

Most plumbers charge an hourly rate that ranges from as little as $45 to as much as $150 per hour or more. However, some plumbing companies may charge a flat rate depending on the job. If you pay a flat rate, you’ll have a better chance at negotiating the price than you will if you pay by labor hour. The average plumbing job costs between $125 to $450, including labor and materials. Many plumbing contractors have a minimum service fee of $50 to $200, regardless of what needs to be done. If you’re dealing with an emergency and need a plumber, prepare to pay two to three times more for jobs performed after hours, on weekends, or holidays. On average, most emergency plumbing rates are $125 to $170 per hour.

Of course, several factors may determine how much a plumber costs. Your area and the current demand for qualified, skilled plumbers are one factor. The cost of materials also plays a big role since certain items like copper piping or specialized components tend to cost more than standard parts. Simple repairs or minor jobs like cleaning a drain or unclogging a sink can cost $75 to $250. More complex jobs like fixing a sump pump or replacing pipes cost more, typically between $500 and $800.

To determine the price of a plumber, remember to:

  • Get your bid in writing, so you have an estimated cost on paper.
  • Find out how long the project will take to better understand the total hours required.
  • Ask how many people are needed for the job since it could affect your total cost.
  • Determine whether or not special parts or materials are needed since this may also make your final cost higher.

Maintaining your water heater is important to avoid costly repairs and damage to your home later. Leaking water heaters can wreak havoc on the structure of your home and make a massive mess. Overall, most tank-style electric water heaters should last between 8 to 12 years. Gas water heaters tend to have a shorter lifespan that is closer to 6 and 8 years. Tankless water heaters are a popular choice for many homeowners since there’s no additional holding tank to contend with. If you have a tankless water heater, these units typically last between 20 and 25 years, making them a wise long-term investment.

Whichever type of water heater you have, proper maintenance is important to extend its lifespan and keep your water running at a prime temperature. For gas and electric tank-style water heaters, make sure that you flush the tank regularly. This will prevent sediment buildup from forming inside the tank, which is a common cause of water heater issues. While you could flush the tank yourself, it’s best to look for a professional local plumber who can do the job and ensure it’s done right. You should also maintain the pump attached to your water heater and look for signs of distress, including loud noises, failure to heat water, or signs of rust in the water or on and around the pump and tank. Rust is a common sign that your water heater needs professional attention. It usually indicates a faulty or broken part and water leaking from around the unit or the pipes attached to it. Check the heater inlet valve frequently to ensure it’s not showing any signs of rust or corrosion. In most cases, serious rust or corrosion near the pressure release valve or other major parts signifies that your water heater may need to be replaced.

The cost of a new water heater varies depending on the type, the size (capacity), and the brand. Most electric tank-style water heaters cost the least (around $100-$200 less than gas), while tankless water heaters are usually the most expensive. Keep in mind that while a tankless water heater costs more upfront, it uses less water, so you’ll save money on water usage and your total energy usage in the long run.

You’ll need to determine which size tank you need for your new water heater if you choose a gas or electric tank-style model. A home with one to two people generally requires a 20-to-30-gallon tank. Households with three to four people should choose a tank that can hold between 30 to 50 gallons, and homes with five people or more will need a tank with a minimum of 50 gallons. Tankless water heaters measure water by flow ratings of between 2 and 6 gallons per minute, or GPM. Tankless water heaters with higher flow rates of 4-6 GPM are best for the average-sized household.

The average cost of a new water heater is approximately $1,200, including the new heater and the labor for installation. A gas or electric water heater costs between $650 to $2,100, including all materials and labor. On average, tankless water heaters cost more, with a total price of between $1,000 to $3,500. Tankless water heaters can be powered by electricity or gas, depending on which type of connection you have available.

Most plumbing contractors can install water heaters and charge their hourly rate in addition to the heater and other necessary materials.

Operating costs depend on the style you have. Electric water heaters cost about $36.50 per month, while gas costs less at about $18.70 per month. Tankless water heaters cost between 24-36 percent less to run overall, regardless of whether they’re gas or electric.

If you are not getting any hot water in your house, you may have an issue with the water heater. Always consult a local plumber if you’re concerned about your water heater, if it’s leaking, or if you notice any signs of rust or corrosion. There are several reasons your water heater might not produce hot water. Here are some common issues that homeowners may face:

If there is a gas leak in your home, your gas water heater may not work. Make sure you turn off all the gas shutoff valves immediately if you suspect you have a gas leak, then contact your local gas company for help.

Look for leaks if you have a gas or electric-powered water heater. Any signs of water leakage indicate that there’s a serious problem. Look for a plumbing contractor as soon as you see a leak so they can troubleshoot the issue and make any necessary repairs or replacements as required.

Sometimes, you may not have hot water in your home if the pilot light goes out on your gas water heater. Check to confirm that the pilot light is on; if not, light it and confirm that you’re getting hot water.

A loose connection or an issue with the wiring may cause a malfunctioning electric water heater, so check that all wiring is securely attached and that there is power going to the unit. Contact an electrician if the issue is too complex or unsafe for you to solve on your own.

A malfunctioning thermostat can affect tankless, electric, and gas water heaters. Confirm that the thermostat is in good working order to ensure that it’s not causing the lack of hot water in your home.

Mineral and sediment buildup can cause your tankless water heater to malfunction, especially if you have hard water or well water. Make sure you regularly change the filter to your tankless water heater to prevent buildup.

Recent reviews for Framingham Plumbers

102543

I had a last minute job under an extremely tight schedule, and called Carlos explaining my predicament. Carlos accommodated, coming out on a Sunday morning to perform the work. He was friendly, professional, and the work was completed expeditiously. I wil...

- Colin Rego
122270

Do not use this company. We signed a contract for a large project and put 1/2 of the money down. They immediately deposited the check but they never started the project. We got excuse after excuse and then later discovered they did not even pull the permi...

- Monica Nadler
102374

Had a leak in the roof and looked for a repair on Porch.com. Feliciano's Construction responded within minutes and came to look at the project within 90 minutes. Carlos climbed on the roof, saw the problem provided and estimate and did the work. Work ...

- John Cartales
102945

On December 4th, 2017 Sean Mansfield replied to an ad I posted on the website craigslist.com for a plumber. The ad stated that I had a leaking hot water heater and needed a licensed plumber that would provide affordable hot water heater replacement. I sen...

- Michael Codner
61548

Awesome work done by Jeff and Mike.

- Phong Lam
39154

On time, good work, fair price

- Robert DiPietro
155862

They installed the hood but did some patch work on ceiling and left it unfinished. Its been few weeks later and they continue to be unresponsive. If you do use them, please do not pay in full until work order is complete. The concerns were escalated with ...

- Praveen Meka
142729

Carlos showed up on time and went to work immediately on my shed. They seem to know what they're doing and the work is progressing rapidly. I have confidence in their ability and would hire them anytime. Thank you. John.

- Cathi Charlton
142636

Wow! I was having a very hard time coordinating the installation and delivery of a gas dryer to replace my old one. We needed to have the old one disconnected and removed and the new one installed. These guys called me right back and suggested they bo...

- Barbara Simonetti
150290

Thanks to Carlos for completing a difficult water heater installation. I will contact you again for more handyman services.

- Lauren Barker
148334

Carlos and his team installed my new gas dryer and gas range. They were very responsive, arrived when scheduled and did a great job.

- Yehuda Mittelman

Everything You Need to Know About Framingham Plumbers

Plumbing Services isn’t exactly what I’m looking for. Are there more specific services similar to plumbers available in Framingham?

If you’ve determined that plumbing services are not quite what you were looking for, or if you had a specific project in mind that is similar to plumbing services, we can still help you find the right professional in Framingham.

Framingham has 500 plumber professionals that can help you with your plumbing services job. Head to our Pros Page to find specific plumbers-pros in Framingham.

How many plumbers does Framingham have?

There are around 500 companies throughout Framingham to help you with your next plumbing services job.

  • 60 of them have an A or A+ rating from Better Business Bureau.
  • The average price for a plumbers project is $159.00.

What zip codes in Framingham have the best Plumbers?

On average plumbers work in Framingham costs about $159.00. Remember price isn't the only factor you should consider when determining the best professional or company for your job. Talk to them, ask them about their company, past work, and licenses. Below we've listed Framingham zip codes that have great selections of plumbers:

  • 01770: 10 Plumbers.
  • All Plumbers in Framingham, MA

    Porch Pro Headshot DiBacco Plumbing Heating & Cooling Inc.
    Plumbers
    Serves Framingham, Massachusetts
    (33)
    Family run plumbing heating cooling service company serving the Town of Chelmsford and surrounding towns for 23 years.
    Family run plumbing heating cooling service company serving the Town of Chelmsford and surrounding towns for 23 years.
    Porch Pro Headshot Boston’s Handyman Services
    Plumbers
    Serves Framingham, Massachusetts
    (7)
    "Loved the customer service! Called and few days later came out to the house gave us an unbeatable quote. 2 days later came back to do a fantastic job. Even did an extra room we weren’t expecting to be done 😀Highly recommend, will definitely be contacting for more house repairs in the future. Aweso...Read more about Boston’s Handyman Services
    "Loved the customer service! Called and few days later came out to the house gave us an unbeatable quote. 2 days later came back to do a fantastic job. Even did an extra room we weren’t expecting to be done 😀Highly recommend, will definitely be contacting for more house repairs in the future. Aweso...Read more about Boston’s Handyman Services
    Porch Pro Headshot R.Fresolo Plumbing & Heating Inc.
    Plumbers
    Serves Framingham, Massachusetts
    R.FRESOLO PLUMBING AND HEATING INC IS A FAMILY OPERATED BUSINESS THAT HAS BEEN SERVICING THE WORCESTER COUNTY AREA FOR OVER 36 YEARS.WE HAVE A HIGHLY SKILLED AND TRAINED STAFF THAT PROVIDES PROFESSIONAL SERVICE AND INSTALLATIONS IN THE PLUMBING ,HEATING AND AIR CONDITIONING TRADES. WE ARE FULLY LIC...Read more about R.Fresolo Plumbing & Heating Inc.
    R.FRESOLO PLUMBING AND HEATING INC IS A FAMILY OPERATED BUSINESS THAT HAS BEEN SERVICING THE WORCESTER COUNTY AREA FOR OVER 36 YEARS.WE HAVE A HIGHLY SKILLED AND TRAINED STAFF THAT PROVIDES PROFESSIONAL SERVICE AND INSTALLATIONS IN THE PLUMBING ,HEATING AND AIR CONDITIONING TRADES. WE ARE FULLY LIC...Read more about R.Fresolo Plumbing & Heating Inc.
    Porch Pro Headshot Aaron Plumbing, Heating, & Contracting
    Plumbers
    Serves Framingham, Massachusetts
    Aaron Plumbing, Heating and Contracting, since 1977, has been the plumbing, heating and remodeling contractor of choice for lots of homeowners north of Boston. We have built a very successful business for over 30 years by placing our customers' needs above all else. If you need help with your kitche...Read more about Aaron Plumbing, Heating, & Contracting
    Aaron Plumbing, Heating and Contracting, since 1977, has been the plumbing, heating and remodeling contractor of choice for lots of homeowners north of Boston. We have built a very successful business for over 30 years by placing our customers' needs above all else. If you need help with your kitche...Read more about Aaron Plumbing, Heating, & Contracting
    Porch Pro Headshot Milltown Plumbing, Heating, HVAC, and Drain Cleaning
    Plumbers
    Serves Framingham, Massachusetts
    Milltown Plumbing is a family owned and operated business established in 1979. Ever since the company was founded, we've stayed true to our commitment to the people of Northestern Mass: our licensed and bonded plumbers offer honest answers to all of your plumbing questions, and we provide cost-effec...Read more about Milltown Plumbing, Heating, HVAC, and Drain Cleaning
    Milltown Plumbing is a family owned and operated business established in 1979. Ever since the company was founded, we've stayed true to our commitment to the people of Northestern Mass: our licensed and bonded plumbers offer honest answers to all of your plumbing questions, and we provide cost-effec...Read more about Milltown Plumbing, Heating, HVAC, and Drain Cleaning
    Porch Pro Headshot Medford Wellington Service Company, Inc
    Plumbers
    Serves Framingham, Massachusetts
    (6)
    Porch Pro Headshot Sostilio Plumbing & Heating
    Plumbers
    Serves Framingham, Massachusetts
    I have been in the plumbing and heating business for over 35 years. I am a registered master plumber,gasfitter. I have owned and operated my own company for the last 20 + years. We do any size plumbing or heating repair(s). We also specialize in installing high efficiency boilers,water-heaters. We t...Read more about Sostilio Plumbing & Heating
    I have been in the plumbing and heating business for over 35 years. I am a registered master plumber,gasfitter. I have owned and operated my own company for the last 20 + years. We do any size plumbing or heating repair(s). We also specialize in installing high efficiency boilers,water-heaters. We t...Read more about Sostilio Plumbing & Heating
    Porch Pro Headshot Nguyen's Plumbing & Heating
    Plumbers
    Serves Framingham, Massachusetts
    Nguyen's Plumbing and Heating has the most experience in the business. We have been around since 2000. We provide commercial and residential Plumbing and Heating. Let us help you with all your needs. Key Services: Plumbing, Boilers, sinks and toilets, Air Conditioning Repair Service, Heating, Com...Read more about Nguyen's Plumbing & Heating
    Nguyen's Plumbing and Heating has the most experience in the business. We have been around since 2000. We provide commercial and residential Plumbing and Heating. Let us help you with all your needs. Key Services: Plumbing, Boilers, sinks and toilets, Air Conditioning Repair Service, Heating, Com...Read more about Nguyen's Plumbing & Heating
    Porch Pro Headshot Corrigan Plumbing and Heating
    Plumbers
    Serves Framingham, Massachusetts
    (1)
    "Kevin was excellent. We wanted to install the gas stove in a different place in the kitchen. Since our basement is finished and our house is old, his experience handling similar projects really came in handy. He always arrived on time and did top-notch work."
    "Kevin was excellent. We wanted to install the gas stove in a different place in the kitchen. Since our basement is finished and our house is old, his experience handling similar projects really came in handy. He always arrived on time and did top-notch work."
    Porch Pro Headshot Miller Plumbing, Heating & Cooling
    Plumbers
    Serves Framingham, Massachusetts
    (7)
    Founded in 2000 and based out of Wayland, Miller Plumbing Heating & Cooling is an HVAC specialist that offers air duct cleaning, water heater services, HVAC repair and other services.
    Founded in 2000 and based out of Wayland, Miller Plumbing Heating & Cooling is an HVAC specialist that offers air duct cleaning, water heater services, HVAC repair and other services.
    Porch Pro Headshot Daniel's Plumbing
    Plumbers
    Serves Framingham, Massachusetts
    water heaters, small repairs, new construction we can handle it ! Please call us toll free at 866-909-2304
    water heaters, small repairs, new construction we can handle it ! Please call us toll free at 866-909-2304
    Porch Pro Headshot Berardino Plumbing & Heating
    Plumbers
    Serves Framingham, Massachusetts
    (32)
    Porch Pro Headshot Jack Cipriano Plumbing and Heating
    Plumbers
    Serves Framingham, Massachusetts
    Located in Voluntown, Jack Cipriano Plumbing & Heating is a plumbing company that offers 35 years of experience and provides toilet installation and plumbing inspection as well as other services.
    Located in Voluntown, Jack Cipriano Plumbing & Heating is a plumbing company that offers 35 years of experience and provides toilet installation and plumbing inspection as well as other services.
    Porch Pro Headshot Sean Mansfield Plumbing & Heating
    Plumbers
    Serves Framingham, Massachusetts
    (1)

    Latest projects near Framingham

    Recent projects booked on Porch
    Fayville 01745
    Plumbing
    Start Date
    Within 48 hours
    Purpose
    BATHTUB
    Inspection type
    Plumbing
    Property type
    Single family residence
    Property size
    2,001-2,500 sq ft
    Property age
    21-30 years
    Foundation type
    Unknown
    Relationship to property
    Owner
    Occupied
    Yes
    Utilities turned on
    Yes
    Specific services
    None of the above